Transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter is a type of cancer that forms in the transitional cells of the renal pelvis and ureter.

Transitional cells are a type of cell that lines the inside of the renal pelvis, ureters, and other organs. These cells are able to stretch when the renal pelvis or bladder is full of urine and shrink when it is emptied. Transitional cell cancer can form in the renal pelvis, the ureters, or both.

The renal pelvis is the area at the center of the kidney. It collects urine before it flows into the ureters, which are long tubes that connect the kidney to the bladder. There are two kidneys, one on each side of the backbone, above the waist. The kidneys of an adult are about 5 inches long and 3 inches wide and are shaped like a kidney bean.

The kidneys play an important role in the urinary system:

• The kidneys filter and clean the blood by taking out waste products and extra water as urine.
• The urine collects in the middle of each kidney in the renal pelvis.
• Urine passes from the renal pelvis through the ureter into the bladder.
• The bladder holds the urine until it passes through the urethra and leaves the body.

Renal cell cancer is a more common type of kidney cancer. For more information, see Renal Cell Cancer Treatment.

A personal history of bladder cancer and smoking can increase the risk of transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter.

Transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter is caused by certain changes to the way transitional cells in the renal pelvis and ureters function, especially how they grow and divide into new cells. There are many risk factors for transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter, but many do not directly cause cancer. Instead, they increase the chance of DNA damage in cells that may lead to cancer. To learn more about how cancer develops, see What Is Cancer?

A risk factor is anything that increases the chance of getting a disease. Some risk factors for transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter, like smoking, can be changed. However, risk factors may also include things you cannot change, like your personal medical history. Learning about risk factors for transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter can help you make changes that might lower your risk of getting it.

Risk factors for transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter include:

• having a personal history of bladder cancer
• smoking cigarettes
• taking a lot of certain pain medicines, such as phenacetin
• being exposed to certain dyes and chemicals used in making leather goods, textiles, plastics, and rubber

Having one or more of these risk factors does not mean that you will get transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter. Many people with risk factors never develop this type of cancer, while others with no known risk factors do. Talk with your doctor if you think you might be at risk.

Signs and symptoms of transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter include blood in the urine and back pain.

In the early stages, there may be no signs and symptoms of transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter. Symptoms may appear as the tumor grows and may include:

• blood in the urine
• a pain in the back that doesn't go away
• extreme tiredness
• weight loss with no known reason
• painful or frequent urination

These symptoms may be caused by transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter or by other conditions. It’s important to check with your doctor if you have any of these symptoms to find out the cause and begin treatment if needed.

Tests that examine the abdomen and kidneys are used to diagnose transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter.

In addition to asking about your personal and family health history and doing a physical exam, your doctor may perform the following tests and procedures:

• Urinalysis is a test to check the color of urine and its contents, such as sugar, protein, blood, and bacteria.
• Ureteroscopy is a procedure to look inside the ureter and renal pelvis to check for abnormal areas. A ureteroscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. The ureteroscope is inserted through the urethra into the bladder, ureter, and renal pelvis. A tool may be inserted through the ureteroscope to take tissue samples to be checked under a microscope for signs of disease.
• Urine cytology is a laboratory test in which a sample of urine is checked under a microscope for abnormal cells. Cancer in the kidney, bladder, or ureter may shed cancer cells into the urine.
• CT scan (CAT scan) uses a computer linked to an x-ray machine to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body from different angles. A dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly. This procedure is also called computed tomography, computerized tomography, or computerized axial tomography.
• Ultrasound uses high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) that bounce off internal tissues or organs and make echoes. The echoes form a picture of body tissues called a sonogram. An ultrasound of the abdomen may be done to help diagnose cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter.
• MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) uses a magnet, radio waves, and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, such as the pelvis. This procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI).
• Biopsy is the removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs of cancer. This may be done during a ureteroscopy or surgery.

After transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter has been diagnosed, tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the renal pelvis and ureter or to other parts of the body.

The process used to find out if the cancer has spread within the renal pelvis and ureter or to other parts of the body is called staging. The information gathered from the staging process determines the stage of the disease. The results of the diagnostic and staging tests will also help you and your doctor plan treatment.

The following tests and procedures may also be used in the staging process:

• Chest x-ray is an x-ray of the organs and bones inside the chest. An x-ray is a type of energy beam that can go through the body and onto film, making a picture of areas inside the body.
• PET scan (positron emission tomography scan) uses a small amount of radioactive sugar (also called glucose) that is injected into a vein. Then a scanner is used to make detailed, computerized pictures of areas inside the body where the glucose is taken up. Because cancer cells often take up more glucose than normal cells, the pictures can be used to find cancer cells in the body.
• Bone scan is used to check if there are rapidly dividing cells, such as cancer cells, in the bone. A very small amount of radioactive material is injected into a vein and travels through the bloodstream. The radioactive material collects in the bones with cancer and is detected by a scanner.

Some people decide to get a second opinion.

You may want to get a second opinion to confirm your cancer diagnosis and treatment plan. If you seek a second opinion, you will need to get medical test results and reports from the first doctor to share with the second doctor. The second doctor will review the pathology report, slides, and scans. They may agree with the first doctor, suggest changes or another treatment approach, or provide more information about your cancer.

To learn more about choosing a doctor and getting a second opinion, see Finding Cancer Care. You can contact NCI’s Cancer Information Service via chat, email, or phone (both in English and Spanish) for help finding a doctor, hospital, or getting a second opinion. For questions you might want to ask at your appointments, see Questions to Ask Your Doctor about Cancer.

Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.

The prognosis depends on the stage and grade of the tumor.

The treatment options depend on:

• the stage and grade of the tumor
• where the tumor is
• whether the patient's other kidney is healthy
• whether the cancer has recurred (come back)

Most transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter can be cured if found early.